Python的ORM框架中SQLAlchemy库的查询操作的教程
(编辑:jimmy 日期: 2024/11/28 浏览:3 次 )
1. 返回列表和标量(Scalar)
前面我们注意到Query对象可以返回可迭代的值(iterator value),然后我们可以通过for in来查询。不过Query对象的all()、one()以及first()方法将返回非迭代值(non-iterator value),比如说all()返回的是一个列表:
> query = session.query(User).> filter(User.name.like('%ed')).order_by(User.id) > query.all() SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE users.name LIKE "htmlcode">> query.first() SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE users.name LIKE "htmlcode">> from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import MultipleResultsFound > try: ... user = query.one() ... except MultipleResultsFound, e: ... print e SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE users.name LIKE "htmlcode">> for user in session.query(User).... filter("id<224").... order_by("id").all(): ... print user.name SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE id<224 ORDER BY id () ed wendy mary fred当然很多人可能会和我感觉一样,会有些不适应,因为使用ORM就是为了摆脱SQL语句的,没想到现在又看到SQL的影子了。呵呵,SQLAlchemy也要照顾到使用上的灵活性嘛,毕竟有些查询语句直接编入要容易得多。
当然绑定参数也可以用基于字符串的SQL指派,使用冒号来标记替代参数,然后再使用params()方法指定相应的值:
> session.query(User).filter("id<:value and name=:name").... params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).one() SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE id<User('fred','Fred Flinstone', 'blah')>到这里,SQL语句的样子已经初见端倪了,其实我们可以更极端一点,直接使用SQL语句,什么?这样就失去ORM的价值了!别急,这里只是介绍一下支持这种用法,当然我建议不到万不得已,尽量不要这样写,因为可能会有兼容的问题,毕竟各个数据库的SQL方言不一样。不过有一点需要注意的是,如果要直接使用原生SQL语句,在被query()所查询的映射类中,你必须保证语句所指代的列仍然被映射类所管理,比如接下来的例子:
> session.query(User).from_statement( ... "SELECT * FROM users where name=:name").... params(name='ed').all() SELECT * FROM users where name="htmlcode">> session.query("id", "name", "thenumber12").... from_statement("SELECT id, name, 12 as " ... "thenumber12 FROM users where name=:name").... params(name='ed').all() SELECT id, name, 12 as thenumber12 FROM users where name="htmlcode">上一篇:安装Python的web.py框架并从hello world开始编程> session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('%ed')).count() SELECT count(*) AS count_1 FROM (SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name, users.fullname AS users_fullname, users.password AS users_password FROM users WHERE users.name LIKE "htmlcode">> from sqlalchemy import func > session.query(func.count(User.name), User.name).group_by(User.name).all() SELECT count(users.name) AS count_1, users.name AS users_name FROM users GROUP BY users.name () [(1, u'ed'), (1, u'fred'), (1, u'mary'), (1, u'wendy')]对于刚才提到的简单SELECT count(*) FROM table语句,我们可以通过下面的例子来实现:
> session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(User).scalar() SELECT count("htmlcode">> session.query(func.count(User.id)).scalar() SELECT count(users.id) AS count_1 FROM users () 4
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